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Drungary of the Watch
The Drungary of the Watch ((ギリシア語:δρουγγάριος τῆς βίγλης/βίγλας), ''droungarios tēs viglas/viglēs'') was originally a senior Byzantine military post, commanding the ''Vigla'' or "Watch", one of the elite ''tagmata'' regiments of the middle Byzantine period, and in charge of the Byzantine emperor's safety. From ca. 1030, the office was disassociated from its military origin and was transformed into a senior judicial position, thereafter usually referred to as the Grand Drungary of the Watch (μέγας δρουγγάριος τ. β., ''megas droungarios t. v.''). The office continued to exist as a court dignity in the Palaiologan era, until the end of the Byzantine Empire.
==Military office==
The Drungary of the Watch was originally the commander of the ''Vigla'' ("guard watch") or ''Arithmos'' ("number"),〔Kazhdan (1991), p. 663〕〔Bury (1911), p. 60〕 the third of the ''tagmata'', professional cavalry regiments headquartered in and around Constantinople, and distinct from the provincial or thematic troops.〔Bury (1911), pp. 47–48〕
Judging from the unit's name and the peculiar titles of its officers, it had a considerable ancestry, dating back to the East Roman army of Late Antiquity,〔Bury (1911), pp. 61–62〕 but it is unknown exactly when it was constituted as a ''tagma''. The office of the Drungary of the Watch at any rate is first attested ca. 791, when Alexios Mosele is recorded as ''spatharios'' and ''droungarios tēs viglas''.〔〔Guilland (1967), p. 563〕 In contrast to the other ''tagmata'', the Watch and its commanders had special duties related to the safety of the Emperor and the imperial palace.〔 Within Constantinople, the Watch provided guards for the palace precinct, and kept a permanent garrison at the Covered Hippodrome (also the Drungary's seat〔Guilland (1967), p. 567〕), which remained in the city at all times and accompanied the Emperor whenever he was under way outside the palace precinct. The Drungary in particular was always in close attendance to the Emperor, and went on campaign only when the emperor himself did so. Then he was entrusted with the safety of the army and the camp, including tasks such as the supervision of the night watch, the advance, rear and flank guards, as well as guarding the prisoners of war.〔Guilland (1967), pp. 564–565〕 Due to his proximity to the Emperor, the Drungary had to be a person of confidence, and was often entrusted with delicate missions such as arrests or executions of high-ranking officials. On the other hand, as R. Guilland remarks, the sensitive nature of the office meant that "the merest negligence, the lightest suspicion could cause his fall", while "the first care of a new emperor ... was to elevate to the post of Drungary of the Watch one of his creatures".〔Guilland (1967), pp. 565–566〕
As detailed in the ''De Ceremoniis'', the Drungary always accompanied the Emperor and was a frequent participant in various imperial ceremonies, often accompanied by his principal aide, the ''akolouthos''. His ceremonial dress is indicated as the ''skaramangion'' tunic and a red ''sagion'' cloak, while on some occasions he bore a sword, a mace and an axe. The latter weapon was highly unusual for a Byzantine officer, and R. Guilland suggests that this was connected to his command of foreign troops via the ''akolouthos'' (who later notably became the commander of the axe-bearing Varangian Guard).〔 In the 10th century, when several holders of the post were scions of the most prominent families of the military aristocracy, including Eustathios Argyros, John Kourkouas and Manuel Kourtikes,〔 the Drungary occupied the 36th place in the imperial hierarchy and usually held the senior court dignities of ''anthypatos'', ''patrikios'' or ''prōtospatharios''.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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